Introduction
Scleritis, inflammation of the sclera, is a typically painful, destructive condition. It is a potential risk of permanent ocular structural damage with visual compromise. Scleritis can be immune mediated or can be associated with infection, trauma, surgery, and medications.
The surgically induced necrotizing scleritis (SINS) is a well‑recognized entity. It is reported following cataract surgery,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Penetrating keratoplasty,11 strabismus surgery for thyroid ophthalmyopathy12 and cataract surgery complicated by infection.13 Surgically induced diffuse scleritis (SIDS) is less well recognised.
Though not always, but in some cases, it has been reported to occur in excessive conjunctival manipulation and episcleral vessel cautery, such as pterygium or extracapsular cataract extraction surgery. Although infrequent, the onset of features of necrotizing scleritis in a case of initially nonnecrotizing disease can occur in up to 15% of cases, prompting further investigation and adequate therapy. The necrotizing process usually starts at the site of surgery and extends outwards, but tends to remain localized to one sector. Studies show that up to 90% of such cases may have an undiagnosed systemic autoimmune condition. Surgically induced diffuse scleritis is also a rare iatrogenic entity in eyes undergoing multiple ocular surgeries.
Case Report
A 30-year-old female patient underwent an uneventful strabismus surgery at her right eye for alternate exotropia of 50 Prism Diopter (Fig. 1) with dominant left eye. Six weeks later after the surgery, she developed severe pain with redness of her right eye. Ocular examination showed multifocal non- necrotizing scleritis with prominent tortuous and dilated scleral vessels involving inferior and nasal aspect of the sclera. There was no scleral thinning. Posterior segment showed slightly tortuous blood vessels but B-scan revealed normal choroidal thickness with no sign of posterior scleritis.
All the relevant examinations were done and routine laboratory investigations were normal. We started topical steroid and oral NSAID. After one week, we followed up the patient. There was slow improvement but not as much as we expected. So, we started oral steroid. Two weeks after, again she had a follow up visit. This time, scleritis involved more area and became diffuse scleritis, but non- necrotizing variety with some area of scleral thinning (Fig. 2). This time, we started immunomodulatory therapy with oral Methotrexate and Folic acid supplementation.
Discussion
Surgically induced scleritis occurs more frequently in women with underlying systemic autoimmune disease and after multiple ocular procedures. 14, 15 In our case, all the routine examination and relevant laboratory work up were done which revealed no systemic autoimmune disease. The surgery was done for 50 PD exotropia which was an uneventful procedure.
There is a paucity of literatures describing the diffuse non- necrotizing variety of scleritis following a surgery. Most of the reports described surgically induced necrotizing scleritis. In this case report, we found this patient to have multifocal scleritis in the area of surgery and distant from the area of surgery. Later on, the scleritis turned into diffuse variety, but yet non- necrotizing. Immunomodulatory therapy started to halt the progression to necrotizing variety.
Akbari MR et al described a case of surgically induced necrotizing variety of scleritis following strabismus surgery which initially responded to oral steroid and azathioprine. But three weeks after complete recovery, the patient returned with recurrence with more area of involvement. 16 Till date, we found our patient responds well with oral Azathioprine and no further area of involvement.
Tze Lai et al reported a case where surgically induced necrotizing scleritis developed 48 years after strabismus surgery. 17 In our case, this developed approximately 6 weeks after the surgery.
Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of surgically induced non- necrotizing scleritis following an uneventful strabismus surgery. This report highlights that, scleritis can develop of any variety, any time and without an association of systemic disease after surgery. It seems that, careful monitoring, long course of adequate and appropriate treatment may control the disease process and medications should be carefully tapered.
Declaration of patient consent
The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form the patient has given her consent for her images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.
Criteria for inclusion in the authors’/ contributors’ list
RR, SMUK, ZR- designed the Study, procured the sample and performed the experiments, interpreted the results, RR -wrote the first draft of the manuscript with information from all co-authors; SMUK, SA, NH- critical appraisal of the manuscript; All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript before submission.
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