Introduction
Epiphora is the commonest presenting symptom in Primary acquired naso lacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). Both anatomical and functional blocks are attributed for epiphora. Most commonly accepted explanation for anatomical PANDO (APANDO) is downward and upward inflammation of the lacrimal duct leading to fibrosis of the duct wall. Altered lacrimal pump action, reduced capillary function of the lacrimal puncta and canaliculi are the reason for functional PANDO (FPANDO).1, 2
The gold standard treatment for PANDO is External dacryocystorhinostomy (EXDCR) with success rate of 59% - 99%.3, 4, 5, 6 Explained causes for the failure of EXDCR are both anatomical and functinonal. Anatomical causes are canalicular narrowing, acute angulation of canaliculi at sac junction, fibrotic closure of the common canalicular opening, granulation tissue in the osteal opening, abnormal position of the anastomosis, fibrosis and cicatrisation of anastomosis, intranasal synechia and non detactable causes.2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 Functionally altered lacrimal pump system in the form of functional loss of sac vacuum portion of lacrimal tear pump,reduced canalicular pumpa action, sac reduced venture effect at the nasal opening due to reduced rhinostomy movement.2, 7
Many modifications have been attempted to improve the success rate of EXDCR. Altering the size and the number of the lacrimal sac and mucosal flaps.8, 11 Intra operative use of Mansoura T tube, 12 Silicone tube intubation, 3, 4, 13 Intra operative TMA (Triamcinolone) injection 10, 14 and intra operative use of MMC(Mitomycin C) 9 with variable success rate.
Silicone stent has been widely used in all types of nasolacrimal duct surgery since the period it introduced by Gibbs.15 Attributed mechanism of actions of silicone tube are both anatomical and functional. Anatomically being inherent material reduces granulation tissue formation, Prevents common canalicular obstruction, mechanically increases the diameter of lumen of the punctum- canaliculiand straighten various bends in canaliculi.2, 3, 6, 16, 17 Functionally increases the lacrimal fluid flow along the surface of the stent, facilitates the capillary flow of puncta and canaliculi, by improving the good oppose of upper and lower puncta enhance the lacrimal pump action and increase lacrimal flow during closure phase of blinking. 13, 16, 17
On review of literature some studies have drawn our attention. A retrospective study by Neena et al.7 46 cases had functional PANDO following EXDCR and they were intubated with silicone tube and reported 63% success rate with no tube related complications. Two separate prospective studies from Elmonem et al. 12 and Kim et al. 13 all their patients had anatomically patent but functionally failed EXDCR and all had resolution of the epiphora following silicone tube intubation with very low tube related complication (<10%). Other prospective study by Nuhoglu et al. 5 their group had non complicated cases of both anatomical and functional type of PANDO. In non complicated cases 96% cases had resolution following stent intubation and 29% cases developed many tube related complications. Another study by Saiju et al. 4 100 cases had anatomical PANDO among them 44 cases underwent EXDCR with tube intubation. In 90% of the cases epiphora resolved without any tube related complications. This diversity of observation on silicone tube related complications made us to do a comparative prospective study on efficacy and complications of primary EXDCR with silicone tube intubation in anatomical and functional PANDO.
Materials and Methods
This is a prospective, comparative and interventional study done in District referral hospital. This study was conducted from September 2017 to December 2019.The study adhered to declaration of Helsinki 1975, study was approved from review and ethical committee of the hospital. All patients were informed about the merits and demerits of the procedure. Written consent was taken from patients. All enrolled patients’ demography, detailed history, comprehensive preoperative eye examination and slit lamp examination for lid abnormalities, punctal position and punctal abnormalities are done.
Tests for lacrimal duct patency are regurgitation test, diagnostic probing test, syringing and Flurescein dye disappearance (FDD) test. Schirmert test I and Tear breakup time (BUT)for tear function. Based on these test patients are grouped into Anatomical PANDO group A and functional PANDO group B. Exclusion criteria are acquired secondary NLD block, punctual stenosis, entropion, ectropion, lagophthalmos, trichiasis and blepheritis. Previous dacryocystorhinosotomy (DCR) of any type, dry eye, corneal surface disorder and age group below 18 years of age.
All patients had their blood pressure, random blood sugar, BT, CT and ENT consultation to rule out any nasal pathology. Those patients who were on oral blood thinning or/and anticoagulants were asked to stop them 1 week before the surgery.
All patients were operated by single surgeon. Surgical steps of EXDCR are as described by Dupuy - Dutemps and Bourget modified with only single anterior flap of lacrimal sac and nasal mucosa. 8, 11 Under sterile surgical area 2:1 mixture of 2% lidocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine injected around medial canthal area. Nasal pack with 1.25cm size ribbon gauze soaked in 30 ml 4% xylocaine with 2 ampules of inj adrenaline 1:10000 and left till the time of silicone tube stenting. A 10 – 12 mm curved incision taken 8-10 mm from the medial canthus all along anterior lacrimal crest starting from middle point of the medial palpebral ligament. Layer by layer skin, subcutaneous tissue, orbicularis oculi were separated to expose the medial end medial palpebral ligament. Palpebral ligament disinserted. Lamina papyracea was gently perforated with bone periostium elevator. Around 10 -15 mm diameter size osteotomy done with serial sized bone rounge. With Bowmans probe 00 medial wall of lacrimal sac tented and a single large anterior flap was made. Same size anterior flap made in nasal mucousa. A bicanalicular Silicone tube (Aurolac - Aurolab - Madurai - India) intubated trough upper and lower pucta, retrieved through common canaliculi, osteotomy and into nasal cavity. Two ends of the tube were tied in so that there is no snaring effect on punctae, unnessasry looping into medial fornix or hanging out of the nostril. Both the flap were trimmed as per the requirement and joined together. Palpebral ligament refixed, oribularis muscle and skin were sutured layer by layer. For all suturing 6 0 vicryl was used. Fresh nasal pack put and pad bandage applied. Postoperatively oral Diclofenac + paracetmol, Cefixime 200 mg BID for 5 days given. Topically steroid - antibiotic drops five times daily, antibiotic ointment application twice daily for the sutured wound for 6 weeks. Follow up done on 1 day, 1 week, 4 week and monthly for 6 months. Nasal pack was removed on first post operative day, skin sutures on 10th day and silicone tube between 16 – 24 weeks post operatively. During each visit patients were evaluated for subjective and objective resolution of symptoms. Subjectively, patients free from epiphora or/and discharge. Objectively anatomical success by patency on syringing and functional by positive FDD test. Success was considered with both subjective and objective resolution at the end of 6 months. Patient opinion on financial burden and subjective satisfaction of the procedure also recorded. The results are analyzed by NCSS 2020 Statistical Software (2020). NCSS, LLC. Kaysville, Utah, USA and The results are presented with group mean compared with two tailed Fishers exact test and statically significance by P value.
Results
There were 46 eyes from 46 patients. The mean age of the patient is 48.3 (19 -78) yrs. Female: Male ratio is 1.9:1. Right eye was involved in 58.7 % (27/46) and 41.3 % (19/46) in Left eye. The Mean duration of symptom is 9.4 (4-16) months. Common Presenting symptom was epiphora in 74% (34/46) cases, discharge 15% (7/46) cases and mucocele 11% (5/46) in cases. Success rate of 89.1% (41/46) at the end of 6 months. Major complications observed during the follow up are tube extrusion (silicone road extrusion or tube looping from stent road) in 10.9%(5/46) cases, granuloma around the tube 6.5% (3/46) cases, punctual slit 2.1% (1/46) and tube loss 4.3% (2/46). Cumulative minor complications (cornela erosion, conjunctival erosion, cosmetic blemish, discomfort and FB sensation) are seen in 37% (17/46) cases and these complications resolved following proper remedial procedures.(Table 2) Regarding patients satisfaction about the procedure and financial burden 21.7% (10/46) responded negatively. Their reasons were additional cast for the tube and tube related complications.
On comparison of two groups there is no major difference in mean age, in gender, laterality of eye involvement and duration of symptoms between two group. Epiphora was the commonest presentation in B group 91.3%(21/23) patients compare to 47.8% (11/23) in group A and discharge /mucocele was more common presentation in group A 43.5% (10/23) compare to group B 8.7%(2/23) (P=0.01).(Table 1)
Success rate at the end of the 6 months was 78.3% (18/23 cases) in group A and 86.9% (20 /23 cases) in group B and the difference is small (P= 0.69). Among the 21.6%(5/23) cases of failed procedure in group A, 8.7% (2/23)
In group B 13% (3/23) cases had failure of the procedure. One elderly female patient who noticed the loop of the stent in the medial canthal area on 3rd week post op period. Thinking that some worm and pulled out easily and reported with stent in hand and epiphora. This patient was restented and the stent was fixed to the nasal cartilage. Second patient had recurred epiphora after removal of the stent on 2nd month follow up. This patient was restented and relieved of symptoms. The third patient had ephipora on 4th month follow up, on examination there was thick granuloma occluding the anastomosis area. Through the nasal route 0.5ml of Triamcinolone 40mg/ml was injected into granuloma and epiphora relieved. These 3 cases are excluded from success group.
Cumulative stent related complication like looping of the stent (silicone road extrusion) (Figure 1), cosmetic blemish, punctual slitting, canalicular snaring, corneal erosion, conjunctival erosion, discomfort and FB sensation were less in group A 21.7% (5/23) patients compare to group B 82.6 %(19/23) patients and the difference is significant (P= 0.001). Among 4 cases of stent looping in group B patients, 1 case had looping on 6th post operative day, 2 cases after 2 months of post operative period. The 4th case middle aged male patient had small loop of tube and was playing with his grand child and the child has pulled the loop at 1 month follow up. In all these cases tube was repositioned and fixed to nasal cartilage with 6 0 prolene till the period for removal. In group A one patient had looping of stent on 3rd week post operative period. He was cleaning the medial canthus with bud and accidentally pulled the stent it was fixed to nasal cartliage.
Inflammation related complications like difficulty in removing the stent, granuloma around the anastomosis area and adhesion in the nasal cavity was more in Group A patients 30.4% (7/23) compare to group B patients 17.4% (4/23) and the difference is small (P=0.49) and all theTable 2)
The difference in the subjective satisfaction between two group is very small (P=0.72). In group A 17.4% (4/23) cases not satisfied because of financial burden and in group B 26.1% (6/23) cases because of tube related complications.
Table 1
Demographic details of patients, Eye involvement, presenting symptoms and duration of Symptoms.
Table 2
Postoperative complications and remedial actions taken in both APANDO and FPANDO.
Discussion
Since the introduction of Silicone tube in management of PANDO it is being routinely used in all types of DCR surgery.15 One group of studies have strongly recommended the use of silicone tube in routine EXDCR for following advantages. It enhances the lacrimal pump action, ST delays the fibrous closure during the post operative healing period and helps in the patency of DCR, prevents granulation tissue formation in osteotomy and anastomosis, prevents common canalicular obstruction and corrects canalicular bent. 6, 7, 13, 16, 17 While other groups of study strongly not favoured the use of silicone tube intubation in routine EXDCR for following disadvantages. Formation of granuloma around the tube, punctual erosion, corneal erosion, conjunctival erosion, stent road extrusion, stent loss, slitting or cheese wiring of puncta and canaliculi, ostium granuloma formation, secondary bacterial or fungal infection, nasal synechia formation, more consumption of surgical of time, intra operative canalicular trauma, pain while removing the tube and additional tube expense.3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 18, 16, 17
With diversity of outcomes from varies studies4, 5, 7, 12, 13 this study was done to know the efficacy and complications of Silicone tube with EXDCR in anatomical and functional PANDO.
The mean age of the patient is 48.3 +/-16.4 years, On gender involvement more Female patients 1.9:1, laterality of eye involvement and duration of symptoms are comparable to earlier studies.3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 13
Epiphora was the presenting symptoms in 74% (34/46) cases, discharge in 15% (7/46) case and mucocele in 11% (5/46) cases this is in concordance with earlier report.9 As per the Royal society of Ophthalmology, success of DCR considered when both anatomical and functional patency of the anastomoses. In our study 89.1% (41/46) cases had success at the end of 6 months and comparable to earlier report.4, 12, 6 Cumulative stent related complications observed during the follow up period is 24.0% (11/46). Stent road extrusion (looping of tube) in 10.9% (5/46) cases, granuloma around the tube in 6.5% (3/46) cases, punctual slit in 2.2% (1/46) cases and tube loss in 4.4% (2/46) cases are comparable with a prospective study report from Nuhogu et al5 in their study of 53 cases of PANDO under went stent intubation and the stent related cumulative complications was 21% (11/53) cases.(P=0.80). More number of stent road extrusion in 10.8% (5/46) cases are observed in our study compare to earlier studies report of 1.8-% 2.8%. 3, 6 The probable reason for more cases of stent road extrusion may be, we had equal number of clinically confirmed anatomical and functional PANDO cases (23/46). In a retrospective study by Monka et al 3 53 cases of failed primary DCR underwent silicone tube intubation and only one case had tube extrusion(P=0.09). In another retrospective study by Neena et al 6 on 79 patients with PANDO 37 cases underwent tube intubation only one case developed stent road extrusion.(P=0.21) In the above two studies cases patients were not classified into anatomical or functional PANDO. In a report by Kim et al.13 9 cases of anatomically patent but functionally failed DCR had stent and 33%(3/9) case had stent road extrusion and comparable. (P = 11). In our study 80% (4/5) cases with stent road extrusion are from functional PANDO group and comparable to reported rate of 33% (3/9) in functionally failed cases of DCR. Our observation of more number of tube extrusion in functional PANDO needs further study support.
Regarding the patients satisfaction 21.7% (10 /46) responded negatively. Two main reasons were, additional financial burden for the tube and tube related complication. The same factors have been attributed for non of use silicone tube in EXDCR.3 Multiple sessions of counseling, eye health education and awareness on newer procedure would have reduced the number of subjectively unhappy patients.
On group comparison the mean age of patients, gender preference, laterality of the eye and duration of symptoms are not different between two groups. (Table 1 )
Epiphora was the common presentating symptom in group B patients 91.3% (21/23) compare to group A patients 56.52(13/23) with a considerable difference between two group (P=0.016).In a retrospective study by Kim et al. 13 all 13 patients with anatomically patent but functionally blocked primary EXDCR presented with epiphora and in an another study by Elomnem et al. 12 20 cases of failed primary EXDCR presented with epiphora all are having anatomically patent but functionally failed DCR. In anatomical PANDO group more number of cases presented with discharge and mucocele 43.5% (10/23) cases compare to 8.7% (2/23) in functional PANDO and the difference is large (P=0.016). This observation is comparable to a prospective study of 100 patients with PANDO by Saiju et al.4 All these 100 PANDO presented with discharge and positive syringing. Our observation on FPANDO Common presentation is epiphora and APANDO with discharge /mucocele. need to be supported by further studies
The assumptions on pathophysiology of nasolacrimal duct obstruction is both anatomical and functional; The initial process in lacrimal duct obstruction may be altered components of the tear or altered secretions in the nasal cavity around the duct opening. These factors induce ascending inflammation from nasal cavity and descending inflammation from the eye. This inflammation causes morphological and functional changes in the mucosal cells of the duct. This altered mucosal epithelial layer disturbs the normal structural and functional integrity of cavernous sinus plexuses around the lacrimal sac and duct. These cavernous plexuses are very essential in normal functioning of all parts of lacrimal pump. This reduced lacrimal pumping action delays tear drainage and alter the constituents of tear and nasal secretions which in turn increases tear secretion and presenting with epiphora. At this stage patient presents with epiphora and patent syringing. This vicious cycle continues and produces simultaneous shrinkage of cavernous body and closure of the duct lumen. These anatomical changes leading stagnation of mucin, tear waste products, dead and degenerated cells and inflammatory cells and the patient presents with discharge and positive syringing.2 Eventhou stastically not significant (P=0.10)more number of younger (4-5th decade) patients in functional PANDO compare to anatomical PANDO may suggest that PANDO initially starts as FPANDO and later develops to APANDO. These observation also needs further larger sample studies.
The success rate was 78.3 % (18 /23 cases) in group A and 86.9% (20/23 cases) in group B and the difference is small (P=0.69). The success rate of 78.6% in group A appears less than the success reported by Saiju et al 4. In Saiju et al.4 prospective study on 100 cases APANDO 44 patients underwent EXDCR with silicone stent intubation and 91% (40/44) cases epiphora was resolved but the difference is small(P=0.25). The success rate of 86.95 % (20/23 cases) in group B patients is very much lower than earlier reports of 95% to 100%.12, 13. Two prospective studies one by Kim et al 13 13 patients with anatomically patent but functionally failed EXDCR underwent stent intubation. All cases 100% (13/13) had resolution of epiphora (P=0.001) and another from Elmonem et al.12 20 cases with anatomically patent but functionally failed EXDCR underwent stent intubation, 90%(18/20)cases had resolution (P=0.001). Probable reasons for this large difference in the success rate are, in the above two studies12, 13 all patients had primary EXDCR with anatomically patent but functionally failed duct. In a report from Neena et al7 their retrospective study group had 46 cases of functional PANDO underwent radiological and Dacrycystography tests to analyse the causes for DCR failure. In 54% (25/46) patients there were sub clinical anatomical block at different levels of lacrimal drainage system. In the same study only 63% (29/ 46) were resolve following stent intubation. These subclinical blocks might have been cleared from previous EXDCR and the reason for 90 % - 100 % resolution rate in Elmonem et al and Kim et al studies.12, 13
Observed commulative complications rate during the follow up period like punctal erosion, conjuctival erosion, corneal erosion, FB sensation, granulation tissue formation, stent road extrusion, tube loss and cosmetic blemish due to stent looping (stent road extrusion) was high in group B patients 100% (23 /23 cases) compare to group A patients 56.5 % (13/23 cases)(P=0.001). This higher rate of tube related complications are higher than reported rate from Nuhoglu et al. 5(P= 0.006). In a prospective study by Nuhoglu et al. 5 among 223 patients with primary and secondary lacrimal duct obstruction 53 patients had non complicated PANDO. These 53 patients underwent EXDCR with tube intubation and the commulative complication rate was 23.0% (12/53); tube loss in 15% (8/53), punctual erosion in 2% (1/53), 2% (1/53) granulation tissue formation in 2% (1/53) and intranasal synechia formation in 2% (1/53) cases. Our study cannot explain the reasons for higher rate of tube related complication compare to Nuhoglu et al. 5study. The probable reason is in Nuhoglu et al.5 study cases were not grouped into APANDO and FPANDO and in this study 80% (4/5) of stent looping is in FPANDO group. The explanation for looping of the tube may be, presence of silicone tube in the sac and duct may augment the function of the whole lacrimal pump system. The spiraling actions of the lacrimal pump may propel the tube towards medial canthus and causing the tube looping. Other probability is when the distal ends of the tube are knotted there may be twist in the two limbs of the tube initiating the spiraling of tube and propelling. This aspect needs radiography assisted intraoperative and post operative studies. In this study more number of tube extrusion in 17% (4/23) cases is comparable to reports from Kim et al.13 (P=0.37).
There is no difference in the subjective satisfaction between two groups. In group A 82.6%(19/23) patients and in group B 73.9%)(17/23) were happy (P=0.72). Common reason for dissatisfaction was looping of the stent causing congestion, FB sensation and cosmetic blemish in group B and financial burden in group A.
Conclusion
EXDCR with silicone tube intubation gives equal result in anatomical and functional PANDO. (P=0.69). Silicone stent related complications like tube extrusion, cosmetic blemish, corneal erosion, conjunctival erosion, punctual slitting and canalicular snaring are more in functional PANDO (P=0.001). Anatomically related complications like granuloma formation, adhesion in nasal cavity and difficulty in stent removing are relatively more common in anatomical PANDO (P=0.49). More number of tube extrusion in functional PANDO needs further study. Lacunae in our study are small sample size, short follow up period. Grouping of functional PANDO not foolproof since we have not performed radiographic and DCG in functional PANDO. In educationally underprivileged population repeated counseling and eye health education has major role in subjective satisfaction.
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