Introduction
Penetrating ocular injury with an associated retained intraocular foreign body (IOFB) is an important cause of blindness and ocular morbidity in the working age population. Among penetrating ocular injuries classified by Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System, 1 injury due to sharp objects had a better visual prognosis than that associated with blunt objects.2
Ocular injuries caused by IOFBs are often associated with corneal and scleral penetrating injury, hypheama, vitreous hemorrhage, lens injury, retinal damage or detachment, and even more serious complications such as endophthalmitis 3, 4, 5 The objectives of this study were to identify the prognostic factors and evaluate the visual outcomes in posterior segment IOFB patients managed by pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).6
Previous studies have described various aspects of penetrating ocular trauma, including demographic (Baker et al. 1996),7 histopathological characteristics, clinical findings and visual outcome (Ahmadieh et al. 1994). 8
In spite of this being one of the preventable health issues commonly seen around the world, unfortunately limited literature is available on the demography and epidemiological aspects of intraocular foreign bodies. Further, understanding the consequences of a maltreated, it becomes extremely important to address this issue in order to reduce its impact on the socioeconomics of the community. 9
Materials and Methods
This is a prospective study carried out from January 1, 2015 to February 28, 2016 in 40 eyes of 40 patients who underwent PPV for the removal of posterior segment IOFBs in a tertiary referral care center of India. All ethical aspects have been taken due care of.This study included the patients with the foreign body in posterior segment, patients in whom IOFB extraction was not performed elsewhere and the follow-up period was 4 months or more. Those patients having perforating injuries (without IOFB), Anterior segment and corneal foreign body, previous history of ocular pathology and follow-up period less than 4 months after the injury were excluded.
History and Examination included the following:
Age and sex of the patient
Cause and mechanism of the injury
Snellen best corrected visual acuity
Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement using applanation tonometry
Slit lamp biomicroscopy
Fundus examination by indirect ophthalmoscopy
Type, size (largest diameter) and location of the IOFB
Number of foreign bodies
Vitreous hemorrhage
Any retinal damage including retinal incarceration or detachment and types of retinal tears
Presence of endophthalmitis
Imaging like CT scan , X-ray , USG
After thorough evaluation, entry wounds were repaired under local anesthesia or general anesthesia as required followed by Pars Plana Vitrectomy for an intraretinal foreign body. Retinal tears were localized and treated with either laser photocoagulation or cryo-therapy. All of these patients were given oral antibiotic therapy i.e. fluoroquinolone for 7 days.
On follow up, post-operative Best-corrected Visual Acuity, Intra-ocular pressure, Fundus Examination, If needed: Ultrasonography, Complications if any were evaluated.
Results
Our study included 40 patients (40 eyes) with a minimum 4-month follow-up period (range: 4–24 months, mean: 12 months). There were 32 men (80%) and 8 women (20%). (Figure 1 ).
Their age varied from 12 to 69 years (mean- 34.2 years). (Table 1 )
Considering the characteristics of the intraocular foreign bodies; the right eye was involved in 24 patients (60%), the left eye was involved in 16 patients (40%).
Among the study participants, 19 worked in factories, 6 were housekeepers, 7 were farmers and the remaining 5 patients were either unemployed or retired at the time of the injury. Three patients were children. (Table 2)
The IOFBs were sharp (45%), round (30%), or irregular (25%). IOFBs were metallic in 61% cases. (Figure 2)
The size of IOFB was defined by its largest diameter (mean: 2.5 mm, range: 0.5 to 8.5 mm). A single IOFB was present in 94% of the eyes.
The ocular findings at initial presentation were: corneal tear (68%), prolapse or damage of the iris (60%), hyphaema (40%), lens damage (45%), vitreous hemorrhage (54%) and retinal detachment (RD) (10%).
Pre-operative IOFB localization was done by orbital X-ray (30 patients, 75 %) or by computerized tomography scan (10 patients, 25%). The location of foreign body was in vitreous (55%), embedded in the surface of the retina (32.5%) or in the sclera (12.5%). (Figure 3)
Visual Acuity at presentation ranged from 6/6 to ‘No Light Perception’.
Surgical management
Foreign body removal was attempted in each patient. PPV was performed within 7 days after the injury. All foreign bodies were successfully removed using this technique.
Traumatic cataract required pars plana lensectomy (13 cases, mean delay after trauma: 18 days), extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior IOL (2 cases, mean delay: 8 months) or phacoemulsification (3 cases, mean delay: 24 days).
Post-operative Complications
Traumatic cataract developed in 18 out of 40 patients (45 %). 10 of these 18 patients (55%) achieved a final VA better than or equal to 6/12.
Nine patients (22.5%) developed delayed RD. This complication was the largest single cause of blindness: final VA was worse then 6/60 in 78% of the cases. Vitreous hemorrhage (p=0.012) significantly correlated with secondary RD. (Table 3)
Two patients developed a traumatic glaucoma. None developed sympathetic ophthalmia, siderosis or chalcosis bulbi.
Table 1
Demographical data
| Age group (years) | No. of Patients (%) |
| 1-09 | 0 (0%) |
| 10-19 | 6 (15%) |
| 20-29 | 7 (17.5%) |
| 30-39 | 13 (32.5%) |
| 40-49 | 7 (17.5%) |
| 50-59 | 5 (12.5%) |
| 60-69 | 2 (5%) |
| Total | 40 |
Table 2
Occupational Distribution
| Occupation | No. of patients |
| Factory Workers | 19 (47.5%) |
| Farmers | 7 (17.5%) |
| Housekeepers | 6 (15%) |
| Others | 8 (20%) |
| Total | 40 |
Table 3
Prognostic factors of final VA
Discussion
Penetrating ocular injuries with intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) may result in severe visual loss. The aim of surgery is to restore the ocular integrity and obtain a good visual outcome.
Several reports described the management of intraocular foreign bodies, but there is limited literature available on the demography and epidemiological aspects of posterior segment intraocular foreign bodies.
In a study conducted at Hong Kong by Candice C. H. Liu. There was a high male predominance (90 %). The mean age was 42 years. Work-related injuries (86 %) were the main cause, where only 10.5 % had eye protection. Most IOFBs were metallic (67 %). Our study had similar conclusions. 10
The posterior segment IOFBs are best treated by pars plana vitrectomy. 11, 12 The current strategy is to carry out a PPV, and to decrease secondary complications by removing all proliferative mediators, and stabilization of the retina with removal of traction.
There are a few published studies in the literature for vitrectomy and posterior segment IOFB removal.
According to several reports (Ahmadieh et al. 1994); clinical management of IOFB injuries using PPV may salvage the most severely injured eyes. Experimental studies have confirmed the effectiveness of PPV in the treatment of posterior segment trauma (Clearly & Ryan 1981),13 especially the prevention of tractional RD. 8
Similar to our approach, most studies recommend the prompt removal of the IOFBs, within 24–48 h after trauma.14, 15
We found sharp foreign bodies as the most common type of IOFB. Round foreign bodies are difficult to remove, thus they are removed by “handshake” technique. The Internal limiting membrane (ILM) forceps is used to levitate the round foreign body to anterior vitreous cavity and subsequently another ILM forceps is used to align and remove it by handshake technique through the other port.
The size of IOFB is a significant predictive factor of poor visual outcome according to previous studies of IOFB removal. 16A large IOFB is more likely to inflict severe damage at the time of entry because of its higher kinetic energy, leading to a poor visual prognosis. 16
In our series, the IOFB’s were most commonly found within the vitreous. Final Visual Acuity being worse in those with intra-retinal foreign bodies, also suggested in similar other studies. An IOFB located close to the macula had poor visual outcome as compared to one located at the periphery of the retina.
In agreement with previous reports (Heimann et al. 1983; Karel & Diblik 1995), our results showed that RD was a crucial factor for poor visual outcome after IOFB injuries. 17
Conclusion
This study highlights the demography of posterior segment IOFBs. Our study concludes that the larger the size of IOFB, presence of pre-existing or secondary RD, vitreous hemorrhage poorer the prognosis. The results of this study provide a series of high-risk conditions causing eye injuries, which would be better avoided. Education also needs to be given to industrial workers regarding use of protective eye equipments, which can prevent grave lifelong consequences.
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